Of the many different types of Pseudomonas, the one that most often causes infections in humans is called Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which can cause infections in the blood, lungs (pneumonia), or other parts of the body after surgery. Due to the retrospective nature of the study protocol, the Ethics Committee of the Witten-Herdecke University in Germany waived the need for written, informed consent.This quality-control observational study retrospectively examined the resistance to antibiotics in patients with diagnosed community-acquired or nosocomial-acquired pneumonia triggered by This study included all patients with pneumonia caused by All patients admitted to this hospital during this study period who had a microbiological examination of tracheal or bronchial aspirates, blood cultures, and secretion of drainage performed for suspected pneumonia were included in this retrospective study. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field.For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click The isolates belonging to unique patients or repeat patient isolates were excluded. What type of hemolysis is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa? The combination of gentamicin and carbenicillin is frequently used to treat severe Pseudomonas infections. To read this article in full you will need to make a paymentCommon virulence factors for bacterial pathogenicity in plants and animals.The neglected intrinsic resistome of bacterial pathogens.Genetic determinants involved in the susceptibility of Complex ciprofloxacin resistome revealed by screening a Genomewide identification of genetic determinants of antimicrobial drug resistance in Novel genetic determinants of low-level aminoglycoside resistance in Creeping baselines and adaptive resistance to antibiotics.Interplay between the MexA–MexB–OprM multidrug efflux system and the outer membrane barrier in the multiple antibiotic resistance of Interplay between chromosomal β-lactamase and the MexAB–OprM efflux system in intrinsic resistance to β-lactams in Role of Lon, an ATP-dependent protease homolog, in resistance of Ciprofloxacin induction of a susceptibility determinant in Involvement of an ATP-dependent protease (PA0779/AsrA) in inducing heat shock in response to tobramycin in Versatility of aminoglycosides and prospects for their future.Bench-to-bedside review: the role of β-lactamases in antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative infections.Fluoroquinolone enhances the mutation frequency for meropenem-selected carbapenem resistance in Mutator genes giving rise to decreased antibiotic susceptibility in A two-component regulatory system interconnects resistance to polymyxins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and β-lactams in The relative contribution of efflux and target gene mutations to fluoroquinolone resistance in recent clinical isolates of Cumulative effects of several nonenzymatic mechanisms on the resistance of Controversies in the management of pulmonary disease due to cystic fibrosis.Cationic antimicrobial peptides activate a two-component regulatory system, PmrA–PmrB, that regulates resistance to polymyxin B and cationic antimicrobial peptides in Extracellular DNA chelates cations and induces antibiotic resistance in Adaptive resistance to the ‘last hope’ antibiotics polymyxin B and colistin in Targeting a bacterial stress response to enhance antibiotic action.MexXY–OprM efflux pump is necessary for a adaptive resistance of Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections.Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pathogenicity of microbes associated with cystic fibrosis.Swarming motility: a multicellular behaviour conferring antimicrobial resistance.Cell density and mobility protect swarming bacteria against antibiotics.The sensor kinase CbrA is a global regulator that modulates metabolism, virulence and antibiotic resistance in Tolerance to the antimicrobial peptide colistin in Multidrug tolerance of biofilms and persister cells.The global regulator Crc modulates metabolism, susceptibility to antibiotics and virulence in Aminoglycoside antibiotics induce bacterial biofilm formation.Induction by cationic antimicrobial peptides and involvement in intrinsic polymyxin and antimicrobial peptide resistance, biofilm formation, and swarming motility of PsrA in The long-chain fatty acid sensor, PsrA, modulates the expression of rpoS and the type III secretion exsCEBA operon in PsrA is a positive transcriptional regulator of the type III secretion system in Regulation of virulence and antibiotic resistance by two-component regulatory systems in The MexGHI–OpmD multidrug efflux pump controls growth, antibiotic susceptibility and virulence in Inverse regulation of biofilm formation and swarming motility by Human host defense peptide LL-37 prevents bacterial biofilm formation.Computational prediction of the Crc regulon identifies genus-wide and species-specific targets of catabolite repression control in Regulation and quality control by Lon-dependent proteolysis.A signaling network reciprocally regulates genes associated with acute infection and chronic persistence in BifA, a cyclic-Di-GMP phosphodiesterase, inversely regulates biofilm formation and swarming motility by © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. Data from these records were subsequently entered into an Excel (Microsoft) spreadsheet.Pneumonia is an acute inflammation of the lung, primarily affecting the alveoli, which is usually caused by The specific criteria used for the diagnosis of pneumonia were that all patients were hospitalized and exhibited the presence of new areas of infiltration on X-ray examination and new clinical symptoms, including at least two of the following: difficulty of breathing, fever > 38°C, sputum production, coughing, and leukocytosis (white blood cell count ≥ 10,000/μL).Aspiration pneumonia was defined as a form of pneumonia caused by The sensitivity and resistance to the following antibiotics were tested against The frequency of use of these antibiotics in clinical practice for the treatment of patients with pneumonia caused by The empiric antibiotic therapy was the initial treatment of pneumonia before the specific bacterium The secondary method for susceptibility testing used was the disc diffusion method according to Kirby-Bauer [The criterion used in this study for defining MDR in Specimen sites outside the respiratory tract were not pertinent to this study.